Cat Peeing on Bed: What Your Cat Is Trying to Tell You
- Lucia Fernandes
- Jan 26
- 19 min read
Updated: 3 days ago
Quick Answer
A cat peeing on the bed is almost never doing it out of spite. Your bed carries the highest concentration of your scent, and cats under stress, whether from separation anxiety, medical pain, or litter box aversion, are drawn to it because it provides comfort and a sense of connection. The two most common causes are attachment anxiety, where the cat mixes scent with yours as a self-soothing behavior while you are away, and medical urgency, where pain or inflammation makes the litter box aversive. Rule out medical causes with a vet visit first, then address the emotional or environmental trigger.
It's 2AM.
Your cat, your sweet, litter-trained cat who hasn't had an accident in years, has just peed on your bed. While you were in it.
You strip the sheets in the dark, stumbling toward the washing machine, knowing this is the third time this week. You've tried everything. You bought a second litter box. You cleaned the first one twice a day. You took your cat to the vet. Bloodwork came back normal. The vet shrugged and said, "behavioral issue."
But what does that even mean?
You're exhausted. You're angry. And somewhere beneath the frustration, you're scared. Is my cat sick? Are they punishing me? Do I have to rehome them?
NO.
If you are finding small amounts of urine on walls or vertical surfaces instead of the bed, your cat may be spraying rather than urinating inappropriately. These are two different behaviors with different solutions.
Your cat is not broken. They're not spiteful. They're not peeing on your bed to hurt you.
They're communicating. And what they're saying is urgent.
In most cases, this behavior starts with litter box avoidance, a process driven by stress, pain, or negative associations.
Here's what your cat is actually trying to tell you, and what you can do about it, starting tonight.
In this video, I explain why cats pee on beds and how stress and emotional insecurity are often involved.
Why Cats Pee on Beds (And What It Means)
When a cat pees on your bed specifically, not the floor, not the rug, but your bed, they're not being random. Beds are chosen for a reason.
Your bed is the highest concentration of your scent in the entire home.
Every night, you spend 7-8 hours there. The fabric absorbs oils from your skin, the smell of your hair, your unique scent signature. To your cat, your bed smells intensely like you. More than any other surface in the house.
And that matters, because cats pee on beds for one of two reasons.
Seeking Comfort (Anxiety-Driven)
When cats feel anxious, stressed, or insecure, they seek out the place that smells most like their safe person. Your bed carries more of your scent than any other surface in the home: hours of skin contact, hair, your unique scent signature absorbed into the fabric every night. Peeing on your bed allows your cat to mix her scent with yours, creating what behaviorists call a combined safety zone, a self-soothing response to anxiety she cannot otherwise regulate.
This pattern is most common when your schedule has changed and you are away more than usual, when something in the home has shifted (a new pet, a new baby, moved furniture, frequent visitors), or when your cat has separation anxiety or attachment issues. The behavior almost always happens when you are away, not when you are home. She is not angry you left. She is panicking that you might not come back.
Medical Urgency (Pain or Desperation)
Sometimes a cat pees on the bed because she physically cannot reach the litter box in time, or because the litter box has become associated with pain. Urinary tract infections create a burning urgency that makes soft surfaces feel safer than litter. Kidney disease increases urination volume, particularly at night. Arthritis makes stepping over a litter box wall painful enough to avoid. Diabetes causes excessive thirst and urgency that overrides normal litter box use. Bladder inflammation, also known as feline idiopathic cystitis, produces symptoms almost identical to a UTI but without infection, and is directly triggered by stress.
If your cat is peeing on the bed and also showing any of the following signs (blood in the urine, crying or straining in the litter box, excessive drinking, or sudden lethargy), see a vet immediately. Urinary blockages, particularly in male cats, are life-threatening emergencies.
The Attachment Anxiety Connection
One of the most common (and misunderstood) reasons for bed-peeing is attachment anxiety.
Attachment anxiety — Attachment anxiety is a condition in which a cat becomes hyper-bonded to one person and experiences significant distress during that person's absence. Unlike general anxiety, it specifically manifests through scent-seeking behaviors such as urinating on the owner's bed, clothing, or personal items.
What Is Attachment Anxiety in Cats?
Some cats become hyper-bonded to one person. They follow you room to room, vocalize when you leave, and experience genuine panic when you are gone, even if it is just for a few hours. When you are away, their world becomes unpredictable and unsafe. The bed, saturated with your scent, becomes a lifeline.
Peeing on the bed is a self-soothing behavior. By mixing their scent with yours, they create what behaviorists call a combined safe zone, a coping mechanism that helps them regulate the anxiety they cannot otherwise manage.
Attachment anxiety is closely related to separation anxiety. Both involve distress when you are away, but attachment anxiety specifically manifests through hyper-bonding and scent-seeking behaviors like bed-peeing.
Signs Your Cat Has Attachment Anxiety
The most recognisable pattern is a cat who follows you everywhere, including to the bathroom, and becomes visibly distressed when she senses you are about to leave. She may pace when you pick up your keys or put on your shoes, vocalize excessively when left alone, or over-groom and hide when you are gone. The clearest diagnostic sign is bed-peeing that happens only when you are away and stops completely when you are home. Some cats also become destructive during absences, not out of mischief but out of distress.
Why Punishment Makes It Worse
If you yell at your cat, lock her out of the bedroom, or use any form of punishment, you increase her anxiety, which makes the bed-peeing worse. Your cat does not connect the punishment with the behavior. She simply learns that you are unpredictable and frightening, which deepens her insecurity and drives more stress-based elimination.
Punishment removes a symptom without addressing the cause. The solution is understanding and addressing the anxiety that is driving the behavior in the first place.
Emergency Checklist: What to Do Right Now
These steps stabilize the situation, they don't resolve deeper patterns.
If your cat is peeing on your bed, take these 5 steps tonight:
Step 1. Rule Out Medical Issues (Non-Negotiable First Step)
Call your vet if you notice blood in the urine (even a small amount), crying or straining with little output, excessive thirst, lethargy, sudden behavior changes, or if your cat is a senior (10 years or older). Urinary blockages are life-threatening. If your cat is in pain, no behavioral solution will work. If your cat has not had a vet visit in the last 30 days, book one tomorrow morning.
Step 2. Deep-Clean the Bed (Enzymatic Cleaner Only)
Cat urine contains uric acid crystals that standard soap and water cannot break down. Your nose cannot detect the residue after a regular wash, but your cat's nose can. Cats are approximately 1,000 times more sensitive to scent than humans. If the scent remains, your cat will return to the same spot.
An enzymatic cleaner uses biological enzymes to break down uric acid crystals at the molecular level. Standard soap, vinegar, and bleach cannot do this, which is why the scent persists after regular cleaning and the cat returns.
To clean correctly: strip the bed immediately without waiting, as scent sets deeper over time. Blot with paper towels rather than rubbing, which spreads urine deeper into the mattress. Apply an enzymatic cleaner, saturating the area fully rather than spraying the surface lightly. Allow 10 to 15 minutes for the enzymes to work, then air dry completely. Heat from dryers or blow dryers sets the odor permanently. A fan speeds drying safely.
Invest in a waterproof mattress protector to protect your mattress while you address the root cause.
Enzymatic cleaner — An enzymatic cleaner is a cleaning product that uses biological enzymes to break down uric acid crystals in cat urine at the molecular level. Standard soap, vinegar, and bleach cannot break these crystals down, which is why the scent persists after regular cleaning and the cat returns to the same spot.
Step 3. Add a Litter Box Near the Bedroom
Even if you have litter boxes elsewhere in the home, your cat may not be able to reach them in time, particularly at night. Senior cats with arthritis find long walks painful. Cats with nighttime urgency cannot hold it until morning. Cats under stress may feel unsafe leaving the bedroom. In multi-cat homes, another cat may be blocking access to the existing boxes.
Place a box inside the bedroom or directly outside the bedroom door tonight. Use a low-sided box for easy entry, fill it with the same litter you already use (do not introduce a new variable), and do not worry about aesthetics. Even a cardboard box with two inches of litter works for tonight.
If accessibility was the issue, your cat may use this box within the first night. If she does not, the problem runs deeper - stress, litter box avoidance, or a medical cause. Bed-peeing is rarely an isolated issue. It is almost always part of a broader pattern.
Step 4. Identify Recent Changes
Cats are deeply routine-dependent. What seems minor to you (leaving 30 minutes earlier for work, a new person visiting, furniture rearranged) can feel destabilising to a cat whose sense of security depends on predictability.
Think back over the last two to four weeks. Did your schedule change? Did a new person or pet enter the home? Did you move furniture, change the litter brand, or experience a stressful event like construction noise or a vet visit? Has your own stress level increased? Cats absorb human anxiety and respond to it behaviorally.
If you identified a change, that is your starting point. The bed-peeing is your cat communicating that something has shifted and she cannot regulate the resulting stress.
Step 5. Check Your Litter Box Setup
Walk to each litter box in your home and assess honestly. Is the box at least 1.5 times your cat's body length? Most store-bought boxes are too small for adult cats. Is it scooped at least twice daily? Is there two to three inches of litter (too shallow and the cat cannot bury; too deep and the surface feels unstable)? Is it placed in a quiet, low-traffic area away from washing machines and hallways? Can your cat reach it without navigating stairs or blocked paths? Is it uncovered? Many cats avoid covered boxes because the enclosed space feels like a trap. And do you have one box per cat plus one extra?
If the answer to three or more of these questions is no, the litter box setup is the problem. If accidents stop briefly but return, the root cause was not fully addressed. A temporary improvement without structural change almost always leads to relapse.
Want this checklist as a printable PDF?
I’ll send you a printable diagnostic guide to help you understand why this is happening, and avoid making it worse.
Still Struggling? You're Not Alone (And There's a Solution)
If you've followed this emergency protocol and your cat is still peeing on the bed or if accidents stopped for a few days but came back, here's what's actually happening:
You're not dealing with a simple case.
Your cat likely has multiple overlapping issues: separation anxiety + inadequate enrichment, or attachment issues + multi-cat tension, or stress-triggered cystitis that keeps flaring.
The emergency checklist in this guide solves 60-70% of straightforward cases. But complex cases need a complete system, not a checklist.
That's why I created The Litter Box Solution.
It's the exact protocol I use with clients whose cats have been peeing on beds for months (or years). The cats who've been to three vets. The ones who've tried "everything" and nothing worked.
Inside, you get:
The Complete 30-Day Advanced Protocol
Not weekly summaries, actual day-by-day action steps. You'll know exactly what to do on Day 1, Day 7, Day 15, Day 30. No guessing.
10+ Complete Case Studies
Real cats, real solutions, documented timelines. See exactly how bed-peeing was resolved in cases eerily similar to yours, including the setbacks and how they were overcome.
Deep-Dive Medical Section
Know exactly what to tell your vet, which tests to insist on, how to interpret results, and what treatment protocols actually work (with realistic recovery timelines).
Attachment Anxiety Complete Resolution
The step-by-step desensitization protocol that stops separation-triggered bed-peeing permanently. Including environmental modifications and routine restructuring.
Advanced Troubleshooting
For when you've tried everything in this guide and it's still not working. This section addresses the 10% of cases that don't respond to standard interventions.
Printable Worksheets & Tracking Tools
Progress logs, behavior tracking charts, vet visit scripts, product comparison tables, everything you need to stay organized and measure improvement.
The Litter Box Solution launches June 2026.
But you can join the waiting list right now and get three immediate benefits:
1. You'll be first to know when it launches (priority access before it's publicly available)
2. You'll save 30% as a waiting list member ($27 regular price drops to $19—that's $8 off)
3. You'll get the Bonus Case Study Preview today (delivered to your inbox within 5 minutes of joining, a complete diagnostic journey showing how one cat stopped bed-peeing in 12 days)
When It's NOT Behavioral: Medical Causes of Bed-Peeing
Sometimes what looks like a behavioral problem is actually a medical issue. Before attributing bed-peeing to anxiety or litter box aversion, rule out the conditions below.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Urinary tract infections cause painful urination, which leads cats to associate the litter box with pain and avoid it. The urgency can be severe enough that the cat cannot reach the box in time and urinates on soft surfaces instead. Red flags include blood in the urine, frequent attempts to pee with little or no output, and crying in or near the litter box.
Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (FIC)
Feline idiopathic cystitis is stress-triggered bladder inflammation that produces symptoms almost identical to a UTI but without any bacterial infection. It requires both stress reduction and medical management. Cats with FIC often cycle through episodes during periods of household disruption or change.
Kidney Disease
Kidney disease increases urination volume significantly, particularly at night. A cat who previously had no accidents may simply be unable to hold her bladder until morning. Senior cats are most at risk. The condition is manageable with dietary changes and supportive care when caught early.
Diabetes
Diabetes causes excessive thirst and a corresponding increase in urination volume. The urgency and frequency can override normal litter box habits, particularly overnight.
Arthritis
Arthritis in senior cats makes stepping over a litter box wall painful enough to avoid. The bed is low, soft, and requires no jumping. The solution is a low-entry litter box, ramps where needed, and a vet consultation to discuss pain management.
Cognitive Decline
Older cats experiencing cognitive decline may become confused about the location of the litter box or forget it entirely. They gravitate toward familiar, accessible surfaces and the bed often fits both criteria. If your senior cat has started showing signs of disorientation or changed sleep patterns alongside the bed-peeing, raise this specifically with your vet.
When to See the Vet
Contact your vet if you notice blood in the urine, crying or straining in the litter box, a sudden change in litter box behavior in a cat who was previously reliable, unexplained weight loss, increased thirst, or lethargy. For any cat over 10 years old, a routine check is warranted even without obvious symptoms.
Behavioral solutions do not work when the underlying problem is physical pain. A urinalysis and basic blood panel can rule out the most common medical causes in a single appointment.
How to Stop Your Cat From Peeing on Your Bed (Long-Term)
Once you have ruled out medical issues and implemented the emergency steps, these long-term strategies address the root cause and prevent the behavior from returning.
Address Attachment Anxiety
If your cat pees on the bed when you are away, the problem is emotional rather than practical. The following approaches work together and should be implemented as a consistent system, not as isolated interventions.
Gradual desensitisation. Begin by leaving for very short periods (five minutes, then ten, then thirty) and returning before your cat reaches her anxiety threshold. The goal is to build a reliable pattern: you leave, you come back. Over several weeks, increase the duration gradually as tolerance builds.
Enrichment during absence. Provide a puzzle feeder to keep her brain engaged, a window perch positioned near a bird feeder for sensory stimulation, and at least one cat tree or climbing structure. Height gives cats a sense of safety and control that reduces ambient anxiety.
Predictable departure routine. Perform the same actions in the same order every time you leave: keys, shoes, jacket, out the door. Cats read human behavior patterns closely. A consistent routine signals predictability rather than unpredictability, which is what triggers panic.
Companion cat (in select cases). In some cases, particularly where the cat is young, social, and has a history of bonding easily, a compatible companion cat resolves the problem entirely. This is not appropriate for all cats and requires a proper introduction protocol. See how Boris stopped peeing on the bed within one week of gaining a companion cat.
Optimize Litter Box Setup
Every box in your home should meet the following criteria. One box per cat plus one extra, placed in separate quiet locations. Each box should be at least 1.5 times your cat's body length. Use unscented, fine-grain clumping litter. Scoop at least twice daily and do a full litter change weekly. Avoid locations next to loud appliances, in high-traffic hallways, or anywhere the cat cannot approach and exit without being cornered.
For senior cats, use low-sided boxes with an easy entry point, place a box on every floor of the home to eliminate stairs, and choose a soft fine-grain litter that is gentler on sensitive paws.
Establish Routine Stability
Cats are deeply routine-dependent. Small inconsistencies that feel insignificant to humans (a meal twenty minutes late, a departure at an unusual time) can register as disruption to a cat whose sense of security depends on predictability.
Feed your cat at the same time every day. Run a play session of ten to fifteen minutes before bed to help her settle. Keep your own schedule as consistent as possible, particularly your departure and return times. If your work schedule varies, hold the other routines steady: same feeding times, same play session, same bedtime. Predictability in one area compensates for unpredictability in another.
Reduce Environmental Stress
In multi-cat homes, ensure each cat has access to her own resources: separate feeding stations, water bowls, litter boxes, and resting spots at height. Provide multiple pathways through rooms so cats can move around the home without having to pass through another cat's core territory. Watch for subtle blocking behavior, particularly around litter box access, which does not always look like obvious aggression.
Reduce sources of overstimulation where possible. Persistent loud noise (construction, loud television, frequent visitors) raises baseline stress in ways owners often underestimate. Provide covered hiding spots such as enclosed beds, cardboard boxes, or cat tunnels in quiet areas of the home. Every cat needs at least one space where she is never approached, by people, by other cats, or by visitors.
When changes in the home are unavoidable, introduce them gradually where possible and give your cat additional predictable interaction during the transition period.
Real Case Study: Jack, the Bed-Peeing Cat
Jack was a four-year-old domestic shorthair who started peeing on his owner's bed after her work schedule changed. She had been working from home and transitioned to commuting to an office, leaving at 7am and returning at 6pm. Within two weeks, Jack was peeing on the bed daily. The behavior happened only when she was at work, never when she was home.
Vet visit. Bloodwork normal. Urinalysis normal. No physical cause identified.
Behavioral assessment. Jack had moderate attachment anxiety: he followed his owner everywhere, vocalized when she prepared to leave, and his entire daily routine had been built around her presence at home. The bed-peeing was scent-mixing behavior (a self-soothing response to her absence).
Solution. A structured departure routine (same actions every morning in the same order, so Jack could predict the pattern rather than experience each departure as unpredictable). Enrichment during absence: a puzzle feeder, a window perch positioned near outdoor bird activity, and vertical climbing spaces. A litter box added to the bedroom for accessibility during the night, when anxiety peaked. A daily play session of ten minutes before bed using a wand toy to help Jack settle.
Timeline. Day 3: first day without bed-peeing. Day 10: consistent success. Week 4: behavior fully stabilized.
Owner's reflection. "I didn't realize my anxiety about leaving was feeding his anxiety. Once I made departures calm and predictable, he relaxed too."
Jack's case was relatively straightforward once the pattern was identified. Many cats need a longer, more structured process.
★★★★★
"I adopted Jack as a kitten and he had never had a single accident in four years. When I went back to the office, I was completely unprepared for what happened. Within two weeks he was peeing on my bed every day. I tried everything I could find online and nothing worked. When I contacted Lucia, she asked me questions nobody else had asked, not just about the litter box, but about Jack's routine, his behavior when I left, how he acted when I came home. Within days of following her plan, the accidents stopped. By week four it felt like a different home. I still follow the departure routine every single morning."
Karen, owner of Jack
If your cat's situation feels familiar and you are not sure where to start, a direct consultation identifies the specific pattern in your cat's case and gives you a plan built around it. Get in touch here.
FAQ: Cat Peeing on Bed
Why does my cat pee on my bed but not anywhere else?
Your bed has the highest concentration of your scent. If your cat pees specifically on your bed (not other furniture), it's usually attachment anxiety or seeking comfort. They're mixing their scent with yours as self-soothing behavior.
Is my cat peeing on my bed out of spite?
No. Cats don't have the cognitive ability for revenge. Bed-peeing is either medical distress (pain, urgency) or emotional distress (stress, anxiety, litter box aversion). It's communication, not punishment.
How do I stop my cat from peeing on my bed?
First, rule out medical issues with a vet visit. Then: (1) Deep-clean with enzymatic cleaner, (2) Add litter box near bedroom, (3) Optimize current litter box setup, (4) Address stressors (routine changes, attachment anxiety), (5) Provide enrichment. For persistent cases, download our Complete Guide to Litter Box Problems.
Will punishing my cat stop them from peeing on the bed?
No. Punishment increases stress, which makes bed-peeing worse. Cats don't connect punishment with the "crime." They just learn to fear you. Focus on addressing the root cause instead.
My cat only pees on my bed when I'm away. Why?
This is classic separation anxiety. Your cat experiences panic when you leave and seeks comfort by mixing their scent with yours on the bed. The solution is gradual desensitization, enrichment during absence, and creating predictable routines.
Can I train my cat to stop peeing on my bed?
You can't "train away" bed-peeing if the underlying issue (medical, stress, litter box aversion) isn't addressed. But once the root cause is resolved, the behavior stops naturally. It's not about training. It's about meeting your cat's needs.
What's the best cleaner for cat urine on a bed?
Use enzymatic cleaners only. Like Rocco & Roxie Professional Strength or Nature's Miracle. Regular detergent can't break down uric acid crystals. Saturate the area (don't just spray surface), let sit 10-15 minutes, then air dry completely. Never use heat (sets odor permanently).
Should I close the bedroom door to stop my cat from peeing on the bed?
No. This increases anxiety and doesn't solve the problem. Your cat will just pee elsewhere. Instead, address the root cause (medical, stress, litter box issues) while temporarily using a waterproof mattress protector.
The Litter Box Solution
The emergency checklist in this guide resolves the majority of straightforward cases. But some cats have layered, overlapping problems (separation anxiety combined with inadequate enrichment, stress-triggered cystitis that keeps recurring, multi-cat territorial dynamics, senior cats with mobility and cognitive changes) and these need a more structured approach than a checklist can provide.
The Litter Box Solution is the complete system I use with clients whose cats have been peeing on beds for months, who have been to multiple vets, and who have tried everything they could find without lasting results. It is built around the same diagnostic process I used with Jack, Boris, and every cat in this guide: identify the specific pattern, address the actual cause, and follow a day-by-day protocol that tells you exactly what to do and when.
What it includes: a complete 30-day protocol with daily action steps, ten full case studies with diagnostic journeys and realistic timelines, a medical deep-dive section with specific guidance, multi-cat household strategies, senior cat adaptations, and an advanced troubleshooting section for the cases that do not respond to standard interventions.
The Litter Box Solution launches June 2026. Join the waiting list now for priority access and 30% off at launch.
The book launches in June 2026. Waiting list members receive priority access 48 hours before public release, 30% off at launch ($19 instead of $27), and a complete bonus case study delivered immediately after joining: a 2,500-word diagnostic journey showing how bed-peeing was resolved in a cat with severe attachment anxiety.
You will receive two emails: one today with the bonus case study, and one in June when the book launches. No other emails unless you separately opted in through the free guide.
Key Takeaways
Cat bed-peeing is communication, not misbehavior. Your cat is either in physical pain or emotional distress.
Your bed is targeted because it carries the highest concentration of your scent. Cats under stress seek comfort there.
Always rule out medical causes first. UTIs, bladder inflammation, kidney disease, and arthritis all cause litter box avoidance.
Attachment anxiety is the most common behavioral cause. Cats who pee on the bed only when you are away are self-soothing through scent-mixing.
Punishment makes the problem worse. It increases stress and deepens the anxiety
driving the behavior.
Final Thought
Your cat is not trying to punish you.
Bed-peeing is communication. It is your cat saying that something is wrong, that she is in pain, or overwhelmed, or that her litter box situation is not working, or that she is genuinely distressed when you leave. When you treat it as information rather than misbehavior, the problem becomes something you can actually solve.
Most cases resolve once the specific cause is identified and addressed. That cause is almost always one of a small number of things, and this guide has walked you through all of them.
Start with the medical gate. Work through the checklist. Be consistent. Give it time.
If you have done all of that and the behavior continues, it does not mean the problem is unsolvable. It means there is something that has not been identified yet. That is what a direct consultation is for.
Continue Exploring
Litter Box Problems: complete overview of causes and solutions
Why Cats Avoid the Litter Box: understanding avoidance at the root
Separation Anxiety in Cats: when the problem is attachment, not the litter box
Anxiety in Cats: signs, causes, and what to do when a cat is chronically overwhelmed
Fear and Anxiety in Cats: understanding the stress response behind most elimination problems
Why Is My Cat Peeing Outside the Litter Box: when the problem extends beyond the bed
How to Stop a Cat Peeing on Carpet: same root causes, different surface
Cat Spraying vs Peeing: how to tell the difference and what each requires
Senior Cat Litter Box Problems: arthritis, mobility, and age-related changes
How Boris Stopped Peeing on the Bed: a real case study on loneliness and companionship
References
Buffington, C.A.T. (2002). External and internal influences on disease risk in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 220(7), 994–1002.
Buffington, C.A.T., Westropp, J.L., Chew, D.J. & Bolus, R.R. (2006). Clinical evaluation of multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) in the management of cats with idiopathic cystitis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 8(4), 261–268.
Carney, H.C. et al. (2014). AAFP and ISFM guidelines for diagnosing and solving house-soiling behavior in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 16(7), 579–598.
Horwitz, D.F. (1997). Behavioral counseling for cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 27(3), 613–628.
Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W. & Ackerman, L. (2013). Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat (3rd ed.). Saunders Elsevier.
Overall, K.L. (2013). Manual of Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Dogs and Cats. Elsevier.
Schwartz, S. (2002). Separation anxiety syndrome in cats: 136 cases (1991–2000). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 220(7), 1028–1033.