Signs of Anxiety in Cats: How to Know If Your Cat Is Anxious
- Lucia Fernandes
- Sep 5, 2023
- 19 min read
Updated: Mar 14
Quick Answer
Signs of anxiety in cats include hiding in unusual locations, displacement grooming, loss of interest in play, changes in appetite, increased or absent vocalization, over-grooming, and withdrawal from routines the cat used to initiate. The difficulty is that most of these signals are subtle and accumulate gradually: what looks like a personality shift or a cat becoming more independent is often a nervous system under sustained pressure. Anxiety and shyness are not the same thing. A shy cat is content in the arrangement they have found. An anxious cat is not. The distinction matters because the interventions are completely different, and applying the wrong one delays recovery.
One of the hardest things about cat anxiety is that it rarely announces itself clearly. You notice something is off, but you cannot quite name it. Your cat is less present. Quieter. Or maybe the opposite: louder, clingier, more reactive than before. You might have spent weeks wondering if it is just a personality phase, or whether something happened that you missed.
The signs of anxiety in cats are easy to overlook precisely because cats are built to conceal vulnerability. What looks like aloofness is often vigilance. What looks like laziness is often withdrawal. This page is here to help you tell the difference, so you are working with what is actually happening rather than guessing. If you want a broader understanding of what anxiety is and how it develops in cats, the anxiety in cats guide covers the mechanisms in detail.
One of the most common situations where signs of anxiety go unrecognised for months is during cat introductions, especially when two bonded pairs are brought together. What looks like one pair being "difficult" or one cat being "dominant" is often a household where the losing pair has compressed their territory to a single room, stopped eating near the other cats, and started showing all the physical and behavioural signs on this page. The family reads it as a personality clash. It is almost never that. If that sounds familiar, the full guide on how to introduce two bonded pairs of cats explains exactly what is happening and why.
The Pair-to-Pair Reset Method is the starting protocol for those cases. It is a structured sequence that uses play and gradual environmental reintroduction to lower arousal and begin rebuilding confidence in a cat who has lost access to their own home. It does not require separation or restarting the introduction from scratch. It works with what is already there.
When to See a Vet First
Some anxiety signs overlap with medical conditions: over-grooming can indicate skin disease, reduced appetite can signal pain or organ dysfunction, and litter box changes may mean a urinary problem. Before addressing anxiety behaviorally, rule out physical causes with your vet. A behavioral approach layered on top of undiagnosed pain will not work.
Why Anxiety Signs Are So Easy to Miss
Cats evolved as both predator and prey. This means hiding weakness is hardwired. An anxious cat rarely signals distress loudly. Instead, the signs accumulate quietly across several areas of behavior, each one individually dismissible, but together forming a clear picture.
The families I work with often describe the same pattern: they noticed something was wrong six months before they could say what it was. By the time the behavior becomes obvious, it has usually been present in milder form for much longer. The goal of this page is to help you recognize the earlier signals, when intervention is easiest.
Generalised Anxiety in Cats
A chronic state of physiological and behavioral over-arousal in response to perceived threat, without a single identifiable trigger. Unlike acute stress (which resolves when the stressor is removed), generalised anxiety persists even when the environment appears calm. It is maintained by the cat's nervous system remaining in a low-level alert state, which affects appetite, social behavior, grooming, and elimination patterns.
Research
Behavioral inhibition in cats under chronic stress is well-documented. Cats under sustained environmental pressure reduce exploratory behavior and interaction not because they feel safe, but because withdrawal is a lower-cost survival strategy than active coping. This can mimic contentment to an observer who is not looking closely.
Kessler, M.R., & Turner, D.C. (1997). Stress and adaptation of cats housed in groups, pairs, and singly in boarding catteries.Animal Welfare, 6(3), 243–254.
Physical Signs of Anxiety
1 - Over-grooming or Patchy Coat
An anxious cat may groom excessively as a displacement behavior, concentrating on accessible areas like the belly, inner thighs, or the base of the tail. The result is thinning fur, visible skin, or irregular bald patches. The grooming itself can become compulsive: the cat continues the motor pattern beyond any hygienic function because the repetitive behavior temporarily reduces arousal.
Conversely, some anxious cats stop grooming. A coat that has become dull, matted, or greasy in a cat that was previously well-groomed signals withdrawal from normal maintenance behaviors, which is itself a red flag for chronic distress.
Psychogenic Alopecia
Hair loss caused not by dermatological disease but by compulsive over-grooming driven by psychological distress. The affected areas are typically symmetrical (inner thighs, belly) and the skin beneath is intact. Diagnosis requires ruling out allergies, parasites, and skin conditions first, as the presentation is identical on visual inspection.
What to Watch For
Bald patches or thinning fur, especially on the belly and inner thighs.
Evidence of grooming sessions that go on unusually long or repeat within minutes.
A dull, matted, or uncharacteristically unkempt coat in a cat that was previously well-maintained.
Rule out dermatological causes with a vet before attributing hair loss to anxiety.
2 - Changes in appetite or Eating Patterns
A reduction in appetite is one of the clearest physical signals that a cat's stress system is overloaded. Chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppresses normal digestive function and appetite regulation. An anxious cat may approach food and walk away, or eat significantly less than their baseline without any change in the food itself.
Some cats show the opposite: emotional eating, where food consumption increases as a self-soothing behavior. What matters diagnostically is the change, not the direction. Any meaningful shift in eating pattern that persists beyond three to four days warrants attention.
HPA Axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis)
The primary stress-response system in mammals. When activated by perceived threat, it triggers the release of cortisol, which prepares the body for fight or flight. Chronic activation suppresses immune function, digestion, and appetite. In cats with persistent anxiety, the HPA axis may remain in a low-level activated state even without an active stressor present.
What to Watch For
A cat eating noticeably less than their normal portion, or leaving food untouched for more than 24 hours.
Weight loss that is not explained by a change in food.
A cat that approaches the bowl, sniffs, and leaves repeatedly without eating.
Sudden increase in food-seeking behavior in a cat that was not previously food-motivated.
3 - Body Posture and Eye Changes
An anxious cat carries tension visibly once you know what to look for. The tail is held low or tucked. The ears rotate back or flatten slightly. The body is lowered and the cat moves with less fluidity than usual, hugging walls or furniture rather than moving through the center of a space. These are not always extreme: a mildly anxious cat may simply look "smaller" than their usual self.
Pupils are a fast and reliable signal. Chronically dilated pupils in normal indoor lighting, without a specific stimulus causing them, indicate sustained sympathetic nervous system activation. A cat with wide pupils in a quiet room is not relaxed, regardless of what their posture suggests.
Research
Sustained sympathetic arousal in cats is measurable through pupil dilation, tail posture, and ear rotation. These signals, assessed together, are more reliable indicators of negative affective state than any single sign in isolation. Studies of shelter cats confirmed that postural assessment correlates with later behavioral recovery rates.
Stella, J.L., Lord, L.K., & Buffington, C.A.T. (2011). Sickness behaviors in response to unusual external events in healthy cats and cats with feline interstitial cystitis.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 238(1), 67–73.
What to Watch For
Low or tucked tail when moving through familiar areas of the home.
Chronically dilated pupils in calm, familiar lighting conditions.
Ear position that is flattened or rotated back at rest (not in response to a specific sound).
A cat that no longer moves freely through the center of rooms, preferring to hug walls.
Behavioral Signs of Anxiety
4 - Persistent Hiding or Withdrawal
All cats hide. It becomes a sign of anxiety when it increases in frequency, extends in duration, or starts happening in contexts where the cat previously felt comfortable. A cat that used to join you in the evening but now stays under the bed is telling you something has changed in how safe they feel in that space.
The distinction between shyness and anxiety here is important. A shy cat chooses to withdraw and is otherwise calm when doing so. An anxious cat hides because they feel they have no alternative, and their body will reflect that: the hiding is tense, alert, vigilant. They are not resting. They are waiting.
What to Watch For
Hiding that has increased in frequency or duration relative to the cat's normal baseline.
Hiding in locations that are unusual for this cat, especially those with less visibility.
A cat that does not emerge for meals or interaction when they previously would.
Tensed body posture while hiding (curled tight, eyes wide, muscles braced).
5 - Changes in Vocalization
Anxiety can make a cat louder or significantly quieter. Increased vocalization, especially at night or in response to minor environmental changes, can signal a cat whose nervous system is on constant low-level alert. The cat is not communicating for social reasons. They are expressing a state of internal distress that has no other outlet.
Unusual silence in a cat that was previously vocal is equally concerning. A cat that has stopped communicating has often learned that communication does not result in relief. That is not a settled cat. That is a cat who has given up on signaling.
What to Watch For
Increased vocalization with no clear trigger, especially at night.
Plaintive, repetitive calls that do not stop when the cat is attended to.
A previously vocal cat that has become noticeably quiet.
Hissing, growling, or vocalizing in response to stimuli the cat previously ignored.
6 - Litter Box Changes
Anxiety is one of the most common drivers of elimination outside the litter box, alongside medical issues. The litter box can itself become a source of anxiety if a cat has experienced something aversive there: been ambushed by another cat, startled while using it, or associated it with a period of high stress. They may begin avoiding it entirely, or using it less predictably.
More subtle changes include going immediately after another cat has used the box, using only one corner, or entering and exiting multiple times before settling. These indicate a cat who is monitoring the resource but not fully trusting it. For a deeper look at this pattern, the litter box problems hub page covers the full range of causes.
What to Watch For
Elimination outside the box in a cat that was previously reliable.
Entering the box and leaving without using it, repeatedly.
Using only one corner of the box and abandoning it as soon as another cat uses it.
Urinating or defecating near the box rather than in it.
7 - Redirected Aggression or Heightened Reactivity
An anxious cat has a nervous system that is already running hot. Very little is needed to push them into a reactive response. They may hiss or swipe at a family member who touches them unexpectedly, attack another household cat after being startled by an outdoor stimulus, or respond to ordinary sounds with a fright response that would normally be absent.
This heightened reactivity is not aggression in the temperamental sense. It is an overflow response from a system that has no capacity left for tolerance. The cat is not becoming more dangerous. They are becoming more overwhelmed. If this pattern is present in a multi-cat household, the page on cats suddenly attacking each other goes into more detail on the triggers and resolution protocol.
Research
Redirected aggression in cats is well-documented as an anxiety-driven phenomenon. The cat is aroused by one stimulus and, unable to respond to it directly, redirects the response to the nearest available target. It has no correlation with underlying temperament or relationship quality. Resolution requires addressing the trigger stimulus, not the relationship between the animals involved.
Lindell, E.M. (1997). Intercat aggression: a retrospective study examining types of aggression, causes, and prognosis.Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 55(3–4), 153–162.
What to Watch For
A cat that swipes or hisses when touched unexpectedly, even gently.
Inter-cat aggression that began or worsened during a period of environmental change.
Fright responses (bolting, startle, freezing) to ordinary household sounds.
A cat that needs significantly longer to calm down after any minor incident than they used to.
Contextual and Environmental Signs
8 - Urine Marking or Spaying
Urine spraying is the deposition of small amounts of urine on vertical surfaces. In a cat that was not previously spraying, its onset almost always signals a change in perceived security within the territory. The cat is not doing this randomly. They are marking resources or boundaries because something has destabilized their confidence in those resources being reliably theirs.
Common triggers include a new cat in the household, an outdoor cat visible through windows, rearrangement of furniture, or any change that disrupts the cat's mental map of safe space. Spraying is a coping mechanism, not a failure of training, and it responds to interventions that restore environmental security rather than those that punish the behavior. If you are not sure whether what you are seeing is spraying or regular elimination outside
What to Watch For
Small urine deposits on vertical surfaces: walls, furniture legs, curtains.
Spraying near windows, doors, or entry points where outside cats may be visible.
New spraying behavior that coincides with any recent change in the household.
Spraying near the locations of key resources: food, sleeping areas, litter boxes.
9 - Avoidance of Previously Comfortable Areas or Resources
When an anxious cat loses confidence in a space or resource, they stop using it. This is one of the quietest signs and the easiest to attribute to preference or boredom. A cat that no longer uses their usual sleeping spot, avoids a room they previously frequented, or stops using a cat tree they previously enjoyed is not simply exercising a change in taste. Something has made that location feel unsafe.
In multi-cat homes, this is often driven by subtle blocking behavior from another cat: the resource is technically available, but the anxious cat has learned that using it carries a social cost. The blocking may be so subtle you never witness it directly.
What to Watch For
A cat that has stopped using a bed, perch, or room they previously favored.
Avoidance of areas that coincides with another cat's preferred zones.
A cat eating or drinking only when other cats are not nearby.
Choosing locations with better escape routes over previously preferred comfort spots.
Is This Anxiety or Something Else?
Anxiety shares several signs with other common conditions. Before designing a behavioral intervention, it helps to be clear on what you are actually dealing with. The distinctions below are not diagnostic, but they help you decide where to start.
Hiding that increases gradually and correlates with environmental change, with no physical symptoms, is more likely to be anxiety. Hiding that begins suddenly and is accompanied by lethargy, reduced appetite, or physical signs of illness points toward a medical cause first.
Over-grooming where the skin beneath the hair loss is intact and grooming increases in stressful situations is consistent with anxiety. Over-grooming where the skin is red, inflamed, or flaky, where the cat scratches as well as grooms, or where there is a seasonal pattern, points toward an allergic or parasitic cause.
A reduction in appetite that is gradual, has no accompanying vomiting or physical signs, and responds to environmental calm is more likely anxiety-driven. A reduction accompanied by weight loss, vomiting, changes in thirst or urination, or lethargy warrants a vet check before any behavioral intervention.
Aggression that is reactive, triggered by startles or environmental changes, and was not present before is consistent with an overloaded nervous system. Aggression that appears unprovoked, is associated with pain especially around the body being touched, or is accompanied by neurological signs, points toward a medical cause.
Excessive vocalization with a night-time pattern, no identifiable trigger, and an otherwise responsive cat is more likely anxiety. Excessive vocalization in an older cat with sudden onset, associated with disorientation or confusion, may indicate cognitive dysfunction rather than anxiety.
Litter box avoidance where the cat eliminates elsewhere but posture and positioning look normal and the pattern correlates with social tension is consistent with anxiety. Litter box avoidance where the cat strains, vocalizes while using the box, or produces blood in urine or stool requires a vet check immediately.
The table below organises these distinctions in a format that is easier to scan.
Anxiety vs Shyness: A Useful Distinction
Shyness is a temperament trait. Anxiety is a state. A shy cat may take longer to warm up to strangers, prefer to observe before approaching, and choose quieter spaces over busier ones. But a shy cat is not distressed by their shyness. They are content in the arrangement they have found.
An anxious cat is not content. Their body reflects the internal cost of the state they are in. They do not look relaxed when they are hiding. They do not simply prefer solitude: they are avoiding something. The distinction matters because intervention for shyness looks very different from intervention for anxiety, and applying shyness strategies to an anxious cat (leave them to come to you in their own time, do not push contact) can sometimes delay necessary help.
Research
Trait boldness and state anxiety are measurable separately in cats. Temperament screening in shelter populations has found that bold cats can develop anxiety in adverse environments, and shy cats can be stable and non-anxious in well-matched environments. Environmental fit matters more than baseline temperament in predicting behavioral outcomes.
Gartner, M.C., & Weiss, A. (2013). Feline personality. InFeline Behavioral Health and Welfare(pp. 29–38). Elsevier.
Anxiety Checklist: What Are You Seeing?
The signs of anxiety in cats rarely present in isolation. A single signal, a cat who hides more than usual, or one who has become more reactive, can have many explanations. What points consistently toward anxiety rather than a temporary stress response is the combination: multiple signals present at the same time, across different areas of behavior.
The checklist below covers the most common signs of anxiety organised by category: physical signs, behavioral signs, and changes in how the cat relates to their environment and the people in it. Go through it with your own cat in mind, focusing on changes you have observed in the last two to four weeks rather than long-standing habits. A single confirmed sign warrants attention. Three or more signals present simultaneously makes anxiety the most likely underlying pattern. Five or more in a cat with no obvious recent trigger suggests the anxiety has been building for some time and a vet check should be the first step, before any behavioral intervention.
What to Do When You Recognise the Signs
Recognition is the most important step. Once you know what you are dealing with, the intervention becomes much more targeted. The steps below follow a specific order: each one builds on the previous, and skipping ahead tends to slow the process.
Start by ruling out medical causes. Book a veterinary appointment before making any behavioral changes. Anxiety and pain share many signs, and treating one while ignoring the other produces no lasting result. Ask specifically about thyroid function, urinary health, and skin condition if those signs are present.
Once medical causes are cleared, identify the most recent environmental change. Anxiety in cats is almost always triggered or worsened by something specific. Work backwards from when the signs began. A new person, a new animal, rearranged furniture, a change in routine, or construction noise nearby can all be the trigger even if months have passed.
Next, audit the resource map. Check that each cat in the household has unobstructed access to food, water, sleeping areas, and litter boxes. In multi-cat homes, resource scarcity or blocked access is a primary driver of chronic anxiety. The rule of thumb is one resource per cat plus one extra, in separate locations.
Introduce predictable interactive play. Regular wand-toy sessions at consistent times are one of the most effective tools for reducing chronic anxiety. Structured play allows the cat to express normal predatory behavior, which provides neurological relief and builds positive associations with the environment. Ten to fifteen minutes, twice daily, is the minimum threshold for effect. The Advanced Play Handbook covers the full protocol in detail.
Do not force contact or comfort. An anxious cat cannot accept reassurance in the way a distressed human can. Picking up a cat that is hiding, following them to provide comfort, or insisting on contact when they move away increases arousal rather than reducing it. Let the cat control the distance. Your role is to make the environment safer, not to pursue the cat into it.
Keep a behavior log for two weeks. Note which signs you observe, when they occur, and what preceded them. Patterns become visible within two weeks and are enormously useful if you consult a behaviorist or your vet needs to understand the timeline. A simple daily note is enough.
Build a predictable daily routine. Cats regulate anxiety partly through anticipation. When feeding times, play sessions, and human activity follow a consistent pattern, the cat's nervous system is not required to remain in a state of alert readiness. Unpredictability is a stressor in itself. Even small changes, like feeding at the same time each day and keeping the household schedule stable, reduce the background load on an anxious cat's arousal system.
The case below shows what this process looks like in practice.
Real Case: Oliver - When "He's Just Difficult" Was Chronic Anxiety
Oliver was a five-year-old neutered male. His family described him as difficult: he swatted without warning, had started missing the litter box, and spent most of the day under the bed. They had tried two plug-in diffusers and various online advice. Nothing had changed in eight months.
When I assessed the household, the picture clarified quickly. A third cat adopted eighteen months earlier had gradually taken control of the central areas of the home. Oliver had lost access to his preferred sleeping spot, was being blocked from the nearest food station, and was regularly startled in the litter box. Every sign his family had read as bad behavior was anxiety in a cat who had run out of options.
Resource redistribution, a structured reintroduction protocol, and twice-daily play sessions resolved all presenting behaviors within eight weeks. Oliver was not difficult. He was displaced.
Key Takeaways
Signs of anxiety in cats are often subtle and accumulate across several behavioral domains before they become obvious.
Hiding, over-grooming, appetite changes, litter box avoidance, and heightened reactivity are the most common behavioral signs of anxiety.
Three or more signs occurring simultaneously, especially across physical and behavioral domains, indicates chronic anxiety rather than a temporary stress response.
Anxiety and shyness are not the same: shyness is a stable temperament trait, anxiety is a distress state with a physical cost to the cat.
Many anxiety signs overlap with medical conditions. A veterinary check before behavioral intervention is not optional.
Anxiety in cats almost always has an identifiable environmental trigger. Finding it is the first step to resolving it.
The most effective immediate intervention is structured interactive play at consistent times, combined with resource auditing to ensure all cats have unblocked access to what they need.
Of all the interventions available for an anxious cat, structured play is the one most consistently underused. Not because it is difficult, but because it looks too simple. A cat who will not come out from under the bed, who swipes when touched, who has stopped initiating contact, will often engage with a wand toy before they will engage with a person. Play bypasses the arousal system in a way that direct interaction cannot. It gives the cat a reason to be present, a successful hunt to complete, and a nervous system that has discharged rather than accumulated tension. The Advanced Play Handbook was written specifically for cats like this: the ones who need more than general advice, and whose recovery depends on getting the play protocol right.
Final Thought: What Signs of Anxiety in Cats Are Really Telling You
The hardest part of anxiety in cats is not identifying it once you know what to look for. It is accepting that the cat who has been quietly struggling for months was not being difficult, or aloof, or stubborn. They were managing. They were doing what they could with the resources and the nervous system they had, in an environment that had stopped feeling safe to them.
Most of what gets labelled as personality in anxious cats is coping. The hiding is coping. The over-grooming is coping. The silence, the distance, the litter box avoidance. All of it is a cat trying to regulate an internal state that has no other outlet. That reframe matters, because it changes what you do next. You are not trying to fix a difficult cat. You are trying to give a struggling one a reason to feel safe.
That starts with identifying what is maintaining the anxiety. Not what triggered it initially, but what is keeping the nervous system activated now. Once you know that, the rest is systematic: reduce the trigger load, restore predictability, introduce structured play, audit the environment. None of it is complicated. All of it takes time. And the cat who could not settle on your lap six months ago will, eventually, choose to.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the most common signs of anxiety in cats?
The most common signs are hiding more than usual, over-grooming or patchy coat, litter box avoidance, loss of interest in play, changes in appetite, increased or absent vocalization, and withdrawal from routines the cat used to initiate. The difficulty is that these signs accumulate gradually and are easy to attribute to personality or age. What matters diagnostically is the combination and the change from the individual cat's baseline.
How do I know if my cat is anxious or just shy?
Shyness is a stable temperament trait. A shy cat prefers distance but is content in the arrangement they have found. An anxious cat is not content: their body reflects the internal cost of the state they are in. They do not look relaxed when hiding. The distinction matters because the interventions are completely different. Applying shyness strategies to an anxious cat, such as leaving them to come to you in their own time, can delay necessary help.
Can anxiety make a cat physically ill?
Yes. Chronic anxiety activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and keeps it activated, which suppresses immune function, disrupts digestive motility, and increases susceptibility to conditions like feline idiopathic cystitis. Stress and illness feed each other: a cat in pain shows anxiety signals, and an anxious cat is more vulnerable to physical illness. This is why a vet check before any behavioral intervention is not optional.
My cat started over-grooming. Is that anxiety?
It may be, but it requires a vet check first. Anxiety-related over-grooming typically produces hair loss on the belly, inner thighs, or base of the tail, with intact skin beneath. If the skin is red, inflamed, or flaky, or if there is a seasonal pattern, an allergic or parasitic cause is more likely. Both can be present at the same time, which is why ruling out physical causes before assuming a behavioral explanation matters.
How long does it take for an anxious cat to recover?
It depends on how long the anxiety has been present and whether the trigger has been identified and removed. A cat who has been chronically anxious for months requires a minimum of four to six weeks of consistent environmental support before meaningful improvement is visible. Progress is rarely linear. Cats who have lost access to resources or territory in a multi-cat household often take longer because the social dynamic needs to be addressed alongside the individual cat's state.
What is the most effective first step when I recognise signs of anxiety?
Rule out medical causes first. Anxiety and pain share many signs, and treating one while ignoring the other produces no lasting result. Once medical causes are cleared, identify the most recent environmental change and work backwards from when the signs began. In most cases, there is a specific trigger even if months have passed since it occurred.
Can anxiety cause litter box problems?
Yes. Anxiety is one of the most common drivers of elimination outside the litter box. The box itself can become a source of anxiety if the cat has been ambushed there by another cat, startled while using it, or has associated it with a period of high stress. More subtle signs include entering and exiting multiple times before settling, using only one corner, or going immediately after another cat has used it. For a full breakdown of causes and solutions, the litter box problems guide covers each one.
References
Kessler, M.R., & Turner, D.C. (1997). Stress and adaptation of cats housed in groups, pairs, and singly in boarding catteries. Animal Welfare, 6(3), 243–254.
Stella, J.L., Lord, L.K., & Buffington, C.A.T. (2011). Sickness behaviors in response to unusual external events in healthy cats and cats with feline interstitial cystitis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 238(1), 67–73.
Lindell, E.M. (1997). Intercat aggression: a retrospective study examining types of aggression, causes, and prognosis. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 55(3–4), 153–162.
Gartner, M.C., & Weiss, A. (2013). Personality in felids: A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 144(1), 1–13.
Heidenberger, E. (1997). Housing conditions and behavioural problems of indoor cats as assessed by their owners. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 52(3–4), 345–364.
Amat, M., Camps, T., & Manteca, X. (2016). Stress in owned cats: behavioural changes and welfare implications. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(8), 577–586.
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